Women In The Workforce Sociology Essay

Women In The Workforce Sociology Essay It has been argued that, women have been excluded from the study of work, and that, when they are studied, the analysis has often been distorted by sexist assumptions (Acker, 1977; Acker and Van Houten, 1974; Brown, 1976; Kanter, 1975, 1977; Oakley, 1974). Prior to the industrial revolution, the family economy operated as a cohesive unit; typically all family members, regardless of age or gender, were engaged in productive labour (Tilly and Scott, 1978). Given gendered expectations, along with a gendered opportunity structure (Browne and England, 1997), we, therefore, assume that Women would benefit from arrangements providing the most family-related resources and Supports in terms of both economic capital (e.g. income, security) and social capital (e.g. less time on the job, a supportive supervisor). Wethington and Kessler (1989) found women with high employment commitments were more vulnerable to distress (see also Mirowsky, 1996). Nowadays women have more freedom in choosing the path for their future and they may decide whether or not to combine career with having children. Womens increased share of the labour force has prompted businesses to respond to their family needs by providing flexitime, or flexible work schedules (Wiatrowski, 1990). Bergmann 1986 highlights that middle class women are having fewer children; their labour force participation is now less responsive to their position in the family cycle. In fact as stated by Robinson, 1988 Women still do much more housework and family care than men, but the hours women spend performing these duties have been declining, particularly among younger women. The entrance of women of all ages into the labour force in the second half of the twentieth century has created another period of structural lag (Moen and Yu, 2000). However although there has been effort done to increase diversity, female employees still face the glass ceiling when it comes to the top management jobs. The glass ceiling is according to Maume,2004 a failure of women or a certain minority groups in climbing up the corporate ladder, despite seeing the top jobs but still not reaching them due to the discriminatory barriers. The expectations from the womens family and from the society may sometimes affect the decisions of women in their career objectives which may act as a barrier. The society sometimes treats women differently. Sometimes often careers are cut short because of for instance maternity leave which takes women out of the workplace for months at a time where the company needs to move on. However, over the last years there was a change in the perspective that women are not as effective as men and this was highlighted in the Economist Men -Tomorrows second sex. A One Chief Executive Officer of a large Mauritian multi-national stated recently: Women have done really well here and moved on. Ive never come across sexist views. There are some really good assertive women role models here. Women want to progress and peoples attitudes have changed. Women in hospitality Woods and Viehland (2000) found that although practitioners and researchers were concerned with females status in hotel management, only a few empirical studies examined this topic. Whether the issue has been scrupulously studied or not, relevant literature clarified that it was widely debated (Mann and Seacord, 2003; Del Sesto, 1993). In UK, the tourism sector was one of the area where there was the fastest growth and in the 80s three quarter of this growth was womens who were the most represented mainly in partime jobs ,insecure, low status and clerical post. Recent years have seen an emergence of studies that explore mobility, the role of women in the labor force and the expansion of the internationally hospitality workforce (Baum et al,2007 ; Devin,Baum,Hearns,Devine2007a,2007b;MatthewRuhs,2007).Today tourism presents both the opportunities and challenges for gender equality and womens empowerment. (Global report on women in tourism 2010). Females contribute a significant proportion of the labor force in several countries awareness of the factors and the constraints that might affect their participation is increasingly required for their managers ( Burrel et al, 1997). The participation and involvement of women in tourism sector is being encouraged and womens participation has increased directly and indirectly in tourism industry also Boxall and Purcell,2003 states that the career ladder within hotels is predicated on the conventional employment models of continuous employment and linear progression. (Bagulley, 1990, Hicks 1990; Jordon 1997 ; Wood 1992) Identify that the tourism and hospitality sectors are dominated by women and managed by men; in fact it is very common as the service sector is largely populated by women and they are more present especially at the lower level. Women are important to the hospitality labour market ( Doherty 1997). In many of the literature review it has been observed and declared by many authors that women are key participants in the tourism labour market ( Ashley,Roe and Goodwin 2001;Jameison 2003) ,although there is a belief that women tend to be disadvantaged in this sector as few women occupy the senior executive positions and those that do receive less pay ( Iverson,2000 ; Jordon 1997 ; Ng and Pine 2003 ; Skalpe,2007; Zhong and Couch,2007). However, we can put forward assertion was that girls are now outperforming boys at every level in school and closing the gap at university level. Women in fact predominate in the growing service sector, while men are trapped in declining heavy industries the sugar industry is an example (In Mauritius) and that employed men are no longer attractive marriage partners. (Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011) It has been found that women are more likely to fill part time roles , 54% of female working in the sector work part time, compared to 46% of man-according to women case for change-executive summary 2010. Beyond the rapidly increasing numbers of female entering the workplace (Mc Dougal Briley 1994), we cannot neglect womens contribution in tourism development as for instance nowadays the proportion of women graduated in the sector is increasing at a rapid rate. Women are acknowledged as key participants in the tourism labor market (Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001; Jamieson 2003). According to Kate Purcell the womens jobs fall predominantly three categories: Contingently- gendered jobs which happen to be mainly done by women but for which the demand for labour is gender-neutral. Women work in such jobs as a result of employers pursuit of economic advantage rather than gendered preferences; they want cheap workers, and women particularly, married women seeking part time work have historically been available for employment for lower average rates of pay than men; partly reflecting their status as component rather than breadwinner. Crompton and Sanderson[8, pp. 155-8] sextyped jobs, where sexuality or other attributes assumed to be sex-related are explicit or implicit parts of the job specification In the hospitality industry it is a clichà © that the right kind of personality is a more important employment prerequisite than formal qualifications[13,14]. Where Filbys[16] finding that personality tends to be used as a synonym for sexual attractiveness and/or gender-specific tacit skills and attributes. He was told by a male manager he interviewed that recruitment of female staff was informed by a height for weight principle It has been noted that for some front house jobs it is essential to have a certain type of woman which, when pressed, he defined as ideally between 21 and 26, with long legs and a good figure. This is because the the customers expect it. This remark was highlighted by many other authors as Adkins [17, p. 109]). Patriarchally-prescribed jobs where patriarchal practice determines and prescribes appropriate job incumbency. Patriarchal prescriptions, though, is a distinct and equally powerful tendency, deriving from largely unarticulated understandings that male dominance in the home and in the public sphere and womens dependency are normal and that these norms derive from natural differences between the sexes. Bell and Newby have identified that there is thee is the deferential dialect between male and female often, as reinforcing womens economic dependency on men by providing opportunities for component waged jobs[10] which the HCTC[3, p. 37] note, without irony, appeal to women who wish to combine the opportunity to earn an income with their domestic responsibilities. The more higher level and very well paid the post is, the more likely it will be filled by a man, even though , women may be greater in number in the industry. Gender roles play a great role for womens low involvement in direct tourism business in one hand and on the other hand many employers of this sector think that women cannot continue the job due to their social and biological reproductive responsibilities. Such attitude of the employers about women may be due to the discriminative nature of the patriarchal system of the society. Tourism provides good opportunities for female employees contribution and participation in the tourism employment. Womens entrepreneurship as well as their leadership is important. Female employee in the tourism sector earn low pay and they are sometimes under utilised and under represented. However tourism offers positive pathways to the female success in tourism. The global report on women in tourism 2010 by UNWTO and UNIFEM (now UN Women) findings were as follows: 1. Women make up a large proportion of the formal tourism workforce. 2. Women are well represented in service and clerical level jobs but poorly represented at professional levels. 3. Women in tourism are typically earning 10% to 15% less than their male counterparts. 4. The tourism sector has almost twice as many women employers as other sectors. 5. One in five tourism ministers worldwide are women. 6. Women make up a much higher proportion of own-account workers in tourism than in other sectors. 7. A large amount of unpaid work is being carried out by women in family tourism businesses. Research indicates that religion, culture, and society can influence womens employment (Constance 2005; Feldmann 2007; Foroutan 2008; Read and Oselin 2008; Read 2004) and also a good example is in the context of Malaysia, Amin and Alam (2008) also found that religion significantly influenced a womans decision regarding employment. However religion may not be the only factor discouraging women of working in hotels but also poor employee facilities and the absence of childcare facilities available in the country (Dayal and Didi 2001). 2.2.1 Women contribution to the hospitality industry Women are acknowledged as key participants in the tourism labor market(Ashley, Roe and Goodwin 2001; Jamieson 2003). The tourism sector is very labour intensive; it provides different jobs opportunities from high skilled jobs to unskilled jobs. However Women are often concentrated in low status, low paid and precarious jobs in tourism industry as quoted in the global report on women in tourism 2010. According to Garavan etal., 2006;Woods and Viehland, 2000, senior managers are predominantly male; women middle managers are in housekeeping, front desk, personnel and training and conference and banqueting, whereas male managers are in finance and control, property and security and purchasing the latter more likely to lead to the general managers job also as stated in the report of the fifth UNWTO international conference on tourism statistics the apparent rate of women in the sector seems also to be related to the cultural issues, especially for employment in housekeeping, laundry, food preparation, guest services and so on. Many countries have a high presence of the feminine labour force in tourism t his is because of the high demand of unqualified workers, especially for young women. Initially in the other hand females describe themselves much less satisfied than males in the hospitality sector. In America more than 50 % of the people who are employed in the tourism sector are women. According to Edgell, one in every fifteen people all over the world is employed in tourism sector and half of them are women. In the third world women constitute the basement of employment in tourism sector because they may work part-time, seasonally and without full salary. However, the industry plays a very important role for the education and independence of women. Since tourism is a hospitality industry, the role of women is looked upon as significant and the trend of women participation is considerably increased since the mid of 70s. According to World Tourism Organization, in tourism business 51 percent are women (MOT/UNDP, 2006). Barriers face by female employees in hotels Even though women are important for the tourism sector, barriers to the advancement of female employees continue to persist; literature has singled out societys stereotypes and prejudices against women in positions of power (Catalyst, 2002, 2005). In fact a number of possible barriers to womens career advancement have been identified (Brownell 1993), including: the glass ceiling based on gender discrimination lack of role models an absence of mentoring opportunities exclusion from informal networks gender discrimination and sexual harassment (Knutson and Schmigdall, 1999) From Richard Martell and Christopher Parker view it is stereotype which acts as a major barrier to women, they stated that women lack characteristics most needed to succeed and consequently were often judged to be less qualified than men. However from the executive summary of the case for change: Women working in hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism 2010, identify five other key barriers which according to them appear to be most significant in preventing women advancement to senior roles in the sector: the difficulty of combining work at senior roles with caring responsibilities a dominant masculine organisational culture preconceptions and gender bias lack of networking and exclusion from informal networks of communication Lack of visible women in senior positions. What can be noted is that all the authors writings upon the barriers that stop women advancements are quite the same basically. It resemble in the sense that for example the lack of example of women at senior post, the stereotype at work or even the lack of networking. There is a serious need today to establish what kinds of work women may perform and if there are any barriers to their full integration and to identify policies and practices which might be helpful for employers who wished to make better use of their female workforce. (Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011). ). However Woods and Kavanaugh (1994) according to whom gender discrimination was an invisible barrier that kept women from reaching top positions in many management circles There are other barriers identified also for instance: Other authors have cited the old boy network (Brownell, 1994a; Diaz and Umbreit, 1995); Women may have to work twice as hard and do twice as good a job in order to warrant a promotion (Brownell, 1994b, Gregg and Johnson, 1996). Moreover Sekam 2000 sited that for family reason as well as organisational demands become to both working women and their organisation that fail to tap the full potential of experienced women thereby becoming less productive themselves. Family constraints is another barrier that women can faced it can be perceived ad a function of a females commitment to and actual involvement in duties associated with parental ,marital and homemaker roles on one hand and the amount of support she receives from her spouses and relatives on the other ( Chin-Ching 1992).Sometimes in some countries in hotel industry part-time or of informal work is the flexibility it can give to women who may be required to spend more time wo rking in the home (with family or care responsibilities). (ILO report). On the other hand some research indicates that religion, culture, and society can influence womens employment (Constance 2005; Feldmann 2007; Foroutan 2008; Read and Oselin 2008; Read 2004). 2.3.1 Segregation in the hospitality industry The theories of occupational segregation on womens employment were first presented in depth by Hakim (1992). In fact the tourism industry has shown a wide adoption of segregational occupation (Crompton and Sunderson 1990). In the industry women frequently carry out the most undesirable and lowest status work ( Adid and Guerrier 2003; Korczynski 2002) Many authors have identified the factors which contribute to the professional marginalisation of women. The interlinked factors include gender stereotyping ( Heilman,2001) ; a lack a role model , mentors and peers for women in the workplace ( Noe,1988) and the glass ceiling ( Davidson and Cooper,1992; Reich 1995). Problems of gender domination include women workers crowded into a narrow range of jobs, lack opportunities for promotion and development and insufficient opportunity to develop a broad range of skills (Gardner and Plamer 1997; Haganand Jensen 1998). The Global report on women in tourism 2010, states that gender stereotyping and discrimination means that women mainly tend to perform job such as cooking, cleaning and hospitality. Vertical and Horizontal sex segregation has been shown to exist in the hotel industry ( Ludkins 1999). As in most organisations and occupations, there are male and female occupational groups vertically and horizontally segregated throughout large hospitality organizations and hotels themselves, reflecting economic and power differences. Many studies of gender segregation have focused on international country comparisons (Jensen et al., 1988, OECD, 1999) and industry and cross sectoral comparisons (Game and Pringle, 1983; Pringle, 1988). Segregation by gender results in individual costs to women workers in terms of narrower range of employment choices and opportunities along with lower pay but there are also broader economic and social costs. It is contended that gender segregation of the workforce inhibits flexibility in responding to pressures of structural adjustments and prevents expanding national skills bases resulting in a less competitive economy. (OECD, 1991) The sexual division of labour resulting in the domination of industry sectors, organisations and professional by one gender is argued to be a major factor shaping workplace relations. (Game and Pringle, 1983; Burton, 1991) In general, gender inequality in the labour market is closely connected to educational and professional, both vertical and horizontal, segregation. The labour market is divided into womens jobs and mens jobs, and women find it hard to access managerial posts. (HCT ILO REPORT). Stockdale (1991, p.57) has defined occupational sex segregation as existing where the jobs, that women do are different from those done by men ( horizontal segregation) and women work at lower levels than men in the occupational hierarchy ( vertical segregation). It is still the case that relatively few women achieve management roles in the service areas and as a consequence few make to general management positions. This segregation within the management ranks impacts adversely on the pay of women managers and their influence in this field. Tulsidas Naraidoo, 2011. 2.3.2 Sexual issues in hotels. Urrys[18] observation that such the service and commercial industry involve the sale of an experience, where the quality of the social interaction, including the visual presentation of interactive service workers, is an intrinsic part of the service itself. If women are routinely seen as (indeed, employed as) sex objects, what implications does this have for their career development opportunities, as individuals and as a category? Interactive service jobs in hospitality, tourism and leisure, exemplify occupations where gender (and indeed, sexuality) are explicit aspects of the job. In fact tourism is associated with freedom and relaxation that have traditionally been visualized in marketing and PR with images of attractive young women. (HCT ILO REPORT). Woods and Cavanaugh (1999) stated that almost one-quarter of both males and females agreed that most women in the hospitality industry had been subjected to sexual harassment at work. The ILO report that women are, more often than men , faced with precarious types of jobs, violence at work, stress and sexual harassment. It is a fact that when working in the hotel industry the service worker must be socially attractive and friendly with the customer . An author even gave an example of a young girl who was told on starting waitress to wear her skirt as short she would feel comfortable. The main characteristics of the sexual issues are obviously the sexual harassment on the place of work that is at the hotels. Woods and Kavanagh (1994) found that hospitality managers perceive sexual harassment to be pervasive within the industry.In many customer contact roles in the service sector, sexiness is a part of the role itself, the job flirt is encouraged as a part of the service style (Hall, 1993) and there may be a thin line between selling the service and selling sexuality. The hospitality industry can be susceptible of having incidents odf sexual harassment due to the ambiguity of hospitality service , that is , the odd working hours as well as the conditions of work. 2.3.3 The gender role stereotyping perspective in hotels. Stockdale (1991, p.57) assumption about the segregation and stereotype the assumption that people in particular jobs and the jobs themselves have the characteristics of only one gender. Women in the hospitality industry are widely employed in subordinate jobs for their nurturing and/or sexual attributes. Moreover differential treatment of women has been reported in recruitment, pay and career development prospects (Brown, 1979). The reason for the different treatment is the gender role stereotyping perspective. In fact women have been socialized to adopt attitudes and behavior that are in conflict with the demands of a successful managerial career (Schein, 1973, 1975; Terborg, 1977). Sinclair (1997) found that women have been excluded from some occupations within the tourism industry due to traditional ideologies of gender and social sexuality which is very stereotyped. Stereotyping can have negative impacts to womens advancement in the workplace, since negative stereotypes of women influence how their workers perceive them, how their other colleagues perceive their work, their selection for further training and development, and finally, the rapid pace they move in their career. Athought there are such stereotyping in the industry, studies show that female students are more committed to careers in hospitality and tourism and seem to better fit success in this sector than do their male classmates and colleagues (Kuslavan and Kuslavan, 2000; Burke et al., 2008). The female employees must be able of wearing two different hats one at work and one at home 2.3.4 Breaking of the Glass Ceiling in the Hospitality industry. The term was earlier used by Morrison et al. (1987) in their fascinating book Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Can Women Reach the Top of Americas Largest Corporations? That gave new insight to the issues women face in their journey through the executive echelons of the corporate organizations and Maume 2004, stated that glass ceiling is the failure of women and other minority groups in climbing up the corporate ladder, despite seeing the top jobs, but still not reaching them due to discriminatory barriers, is what many think of as glass ceiling. There have been many studies about the breaking of glass ceiling of women in each and every industry. Cotter et al. (2001) profound description of the term as a specific form of generic inequality existing at the apex of hierarchy contradicts others (Reskin and Padavic, 2001; Maume, 2004) claiming its existence in lower levels and working class jobs. Cotter et al. (2001) three criteria for the glass ceiling occurrence suggest that it occurs when despite similar credentials women (and minorities) face barriers in their career advancements, it also occurs when due to limited promotional prospects; women are discouraged from the initial placement on the job ladder, thus raising mens numbers to survive till the top levels and lastly, while organizations may be willing to pay out high salaries to women, they still hesitate to place them in positions where they can make an impact on organizations profitability, therefore, glass ceiling is created. The glass ceiling as in every industry affected also women in the hospitality industry. It has been highlighted by many authors that the industry is a female dominated industry however it is manage by men. Among the reasons for the glass ceiling phenomenon such as the lack of role models, mentoring, networking options, and the complexities of the dual role as working woman and housekeeper (Crampton and Mishra, 1999), literature has singled out societys stereotypes and prejudices against women in positions of power (Catalyst, 2002, 2005). According to Frank (2006 do find evidence that gay/bisexual men suffer from glass ceilings comparable to those faced by heterosexual women (p. 485). Existing management resistance must be offset by the multiplier effect of more female role models advancing beyond the glass ceiling. 2.3.5 The promotion issues in hotels. Like the retail services, tourism and hospitality are sectors which are highly dominated by women however managed by men (Bagguley, 1990; Hicks, 1990; Jordon, 1997; Wood, 1992) Sometimes men get more privileged than women these differentials were reinforced by differences in fringe benefits, with men in the commercial hospitality sector significantly more likely than women to be entitled to valuable perks such as company cars, free or subsidized meals, low-cost housing, private health insurance, company share ownership schemes and product discounts. . Many authors tend to attribute the finding that males are promoted more frequently and rapidly than equally qualified females to the influence of gender based stereotypes (Owen and Todor, 1993; Cordano et al., 2002; Tomkiewicz et al., 2004). The hospitality business, therefore, provides fewer opportunities for promotion that are sufficient to meet the expectations of females (McCuddy et. al., 2010). 2.3.5.1 Women in management level in Hotels Ludking (1999) notes the lack of women in general manger positions despite the high percentage of women in college and university hospitality programs. Although women are now graduating in higher numbers than men from educational institutions (Fagenson and Jackson, 1994) and more women are entering the paid workforce (Hind and Baruch, 1997) and taking up managerial roles (Parker and Fagenson, 1994), the poor representation of women at senior management level continues. Pursuing a managerial career in every industry requires skills and competencies imparted to men as a social group. Employees and managers holding this type of stereotypic view are likely to perceive women as ineffective managers in job positions incongruent with females more traditionally passive gender role. (Schein, 1973, 1975, 1978; Rosen and Jerdee, 1974; Powell and Butterfield, 1979; Brenner et al., 1989; Schein et al., 1989; Schein and Mueller, 1992; Schein et al., 1996; Heilman et al., 1995; Powell et al., 2002). It is not hard to find in the western context where patterns of gender inequality persist in leadership positions even with womens increasing visibility in the lower echelons of management (Weyer, 2007). Ezell et al. (1981) measuring the effects of having being supervised by a woman on perceptions of female managerial competence found significant differences only in the area of the motivation of a woman to manage. In the present study, direct contact could not help in suppressing gender stereotypes. By June 1996 only three of 72 Hong Kong Hotels had female general managers (Pine 1997). Womans desire for advancement into a senior-level leadership position becomes more difficult because of the prevalent traditional role assumptions (Schaap et. al., 2008). Moreover, research conducted in the U.S.A. indicates that, even in America, a disproportionate low number of highly educated females attain executive status in the industry (Li and Leung, 2001). The career ladder within hotels is predicated on the conventional employment models of continuous employment and linear progression (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). Some literatures state that the recruitment and selection processe may not be transparent. Both may be likened to an invisible web that works against women (Green and Cassell, 1996; Lan and Wang Leung, 2001; Rees and Garnsey, 2003). 2.4.1 Harassment at work An additional negative aspects to womens work in hotels is that they are subject to high level of sexual harassment from both guests and peers due to their low status and low-educational levels ( Poulston 2008). Research by Eller (1990) clearly indicates that more men and women experience sexual harassment in the hotel industry than do individuals in society-at-large. Today in many hotels there are a high level of female employee of gender discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.5 Inequality issues in hotels. Research shows the different ways in which tourism can contribute to economic growth, poverty reduction and community development. However, less attention has been paid to the unequal ways in which the benefits of tourism are distributed between men and women, particularly in the developing world. Gladys Acosta, UN Women Director for Latin America of the newly-establish UN agency UN Women, pointed out that womens contribution to the tourism sector is often invisible. According to Purcell and Quinn (1998) that it is a fact that in the early career stages, female hospitality graduates received lower pay, fewer fringe benefits and less intrinsic job satisfaction. However Woods and Kavanaugh (1994) according to who gender discrimination was an invisible barrier that kept women from reaching top positions in many management circles. There also continues to be wide discrepancies in remuneration between the genders (MunËœ oz-Bullo ´ n 2009; Tugores 2008. The hospitality sector has an important role: it should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human rights and more particularly the individual rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous people. ILO report (Development and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector 2010). Kinnaird and Hall (1994) comment that women fulfill the majority of jobs in tourism, especially those which are poorly paid, low skilled and part-time also it is to be noted that in the tourism sector unskilled or semi-skilled women tend to work in the most vulnerable jobs, where they are more likely to experience poor working conditions, inequality of opportunity and treatment, violence, exploitation, stress and sexual harassment. (ILO ) Carli and Eagly (2001) observe that, although womens status has improved remarkably in the twentieth century in many societies, women continue to lack access to power and leadership compared with men (p. 629).

Every End Is a New Beginning

Every end is a new Beginning They say old habits die hard but what if they never died? What if they were buried under our sub-consciousness? It had been a month since I left rehab. I still remember being confined within the cold stone grey concrete walls going through hours of mental and physical therapy. The sessions seemed long, painful and torturous but the most devastating ache of all was time. The nights spent were mostly sleepless and uncomfortable and at times the chronic insomnia left my body weak and sore.I missed my house, my family and friends at work but change is the only constant in life and life itself is very unpredictable indeed. Never in a thousand years would I have ever imagined myself a prisoner of what seemed like sniffing harmless white powder and inhaling the smoke of a burning herb. I recalled the first time I experimented with my college friends before attending a concert. The night that I termed then as â€Å"the best night of my life† was now the ni ght I would remember as my downfall.It had been five years since college ended and five years of continuous substance abuse that made me fall from grace and I couldn't do anything about it. I was helpless and utterly dependant. That is when I checked myself in a rehabilitation centre just a block away from my house. People can judge all they like but we all have a few skeletons hiding in our closets and none of us have a clean slate. No one can relate to the problems of others as long as they do not go through the same kind of hurdles themselves and me being the person I am generally disregarded any act of sympathy or spurious attempts of concern directed at me.I got myself in this mess and I was determined and adamant to get myself out of it. After spending three months in rehab I discovered that the treatment did not abide by the cookie-cutter approach, as the quality of treatment consisted of an individualized treatment plan. It not only encouraged me to explore the causes of my addiction but also made sure that I was provided with the emotional and mental tools to strengthen my resolve to stay sober.Therapy, though it seemed challenging and agonizing at first, helped me find meaning in life and in the end lifted the dark veil of misery I was hiding under to reveal a stronger and a morally sound ‘me'. I had learned not to give up on life but more importantly taking accountability of my own actions and being more responsible. At the end of it all, life presents us with certain challenges and obstacles. It tests us with hurdles that we need to overcome in order to learn and make progress as human beings but what we must never forget is that there is always light at the end of the tunnel and that every end has a new beginning.

The Most Popular Student Essay Samples

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Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 965 Words

According to the definition of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online (2016), capital punishment, generally known as death penalty, is the ‘execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense . In short, it is a legally sanctioned and administered punishment for capital criminals by forfeiture of life. To this date, bounded by four influential international protocols that proclaim the abolition and forbid the reintroduction of death penalty, more than half of the nations in the world has prohibited, or at least limited, either de jure or de facto, the use of the particular punishment for all or simply ordinary crimes (Schabas, 2002; Amnesty International, 2016). The punishment is, however, still being practised in several countries (Amnesty International, 2016). Surprisingly, these include not only the underdeveloped or least developed countries, but also sovereign states with considerably dominant position in international relations that adopt strikingly dissimilar political system, for instance, the United States of America, the People s Republic of China, the Republic of Singapore, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (ibid.). The death penalty debate, thus, continues to exist until today. The origins of the capital punishment abolition movement can be traced back to the time of William the Conqueror in the 11th century, yet, not only until in the immediate aftermath of the utterly aggressive and destructive armed conflicts of theShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

Essay on Media Impacts and College Life - 1485 Words

From the Inside Looking Out As a college female growing up in a media-crazed age, I am deeply troubled and affected by the medias support of the thin ideology. I am a classic example of the medias impact on females and the downward spiral of self-satisfaction. Being present in the center of college life, I am in the midst of the hormonal sea of students. Whether its at class or watching the sorority and fraternity kids run around during rush week, there is always chasing for approval between the sexes. A day doesnt go by where I dont catch a glimpse at the self-conscious and hear the ever-so-common bellows of those who want to rid the freshman 15. Girls yearn for a slim, tan, ready for spring break body because they think by†¦show more content†¦It is impossible to flip through a magazine without seeing advertisements or articles with slender models trying to manipulate readers into bettering their body. Due to the consistent viewing of articles and advertisements covered with half-naked, bony models, the idea that being thin is the typical body image of women today is set into the minds of the readers. The images of thinness are used to symbolize such things as happiness, success, and beauty. In todays culture, the media plays the main role in setting the standards for body shapes and sizes. Our generation is dependent on the media for news, style, music, and the latest fad. Every household and dorm room has at least one TV and computer as well as occupying one or several screen names.. Media plays a major responsibility in each of our lives due to it being so frequently used, it is necessary to admit to ourselves that we are media junkies. Exposure to this false idea that being thin is a must in our society can lead to major problems such as eating disorders and depression. As girls begin to read magazines, generally around the age of 10, body dissatisfaction is introduced. Crouch and Degelman reveal that, girls ages 10-18 exposed to images of models evaluate themselves and their appearance more negatively. By the time girls hit college, their opinions of themselves are already shaky. Extra stresses suchShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Social Media On Teenagers1147 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Social Media on Teenagers Nowadays social media have become one of the important part of our lifestyle and has a great influence in our day to day basic activities. Getting more likes and having more followers has become one of the important part of people’s social life. Teenagaers spent most of their time checking Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter and many more. According to The Washington Post, â€Å"Teens are spending more than one-third of their days using media such as online videoRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe impact of social networking in the twenty-first century is the game- changing phenomenon within communication in our society today. Internet usage has skyrocketed in the past few years, with the usage of social networks. In society today organizations, schools, universities, kids, teens and college students are surrounded by social media and are linked and updated through networks such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, and Myspace just to mention a few. While social media is a greatRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Youth Development1128 Words   |  5 Pages I use social media quite a bit in my personal life; it’s usually the first thing I check as soon as I log onto my computer. I’m almost always on Tumblr or Twitter for the latest updates. It’s a pretty useful tool, I would say because it allows you to connect with many people that you would not have known about otherwise. It’s an endless source of information, and it’s very easy to learn about things often just as they are happening which is a massive improvement in within the last twenty yearsRead MoreMASS MEDIA RESEARCH PROPOSAL1377 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ MASS MEDIA RESEARCH PROPOSAL FREEDOM OF INTERNET: A RESEARCH OF INTERNET USERS AMONG THE UiTM STUDENTS BY: MOHD AFIFI BIN ZAKARIA 2012447002 MC223S3A COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHOD (COM533) DR. ZULKIFLI ABD. LATIFF Introduction of Research In this globalization era, the internet or the virtual world has becoming more complicated and has the potential by showing more effective platform of various collaborative activities which includes academic and education purposes. The intention and the desireRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media Upon Education1709 Words   |  7 Pages Social media is a necessity. Around every corner, a person is seen scrolling through the countless news feeds on their favorite social media sites. This fast developing technology is changing the way that the world communicates on all levels, even to the point that people text each other when they are in the same room. With the uprising of faster social media, hardly anything else is used to get information, or communicate it. The obvious fact that social media is truly everywhere isRead MoreHiatt, Hannah. Mrs. Fingarson. English 11. March 13, 2017.1418 Words   |  6 Pages Junior Research Project: Negative Impact Social Media Has On Soci ety The average person spends about 1 hour and 40 minutes browsing on social media per day. That is 700 minutes per week, 3,000 minutes per month and 36,000 minutes per year. Most people don’t realize they are wasting these 600 hours per year just looking at their phone. The use of social media has been shown to influence and persuade people greatly in a negative manner. Although social media is one of the largest used platformsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Body Image1663 Words   |  7 PagesDo college-ages women who use twitter exhibit higher levels of social comparison and body checking than non-users? Countless scientific studies and research focus on the effects of social media platforms on body image, social comparison, and image satisfaction. Author Erin A. Vogel has written extensively over the effects of social media and body image. The studies utilize different experimental approaches that indicate the subjects who showed high levels of social comparison orientation are avidRead MoreSocial Networks And Its Effect On Our Lives1661 Words   |  7 Pagesplay an important role in our life. People can easily make new friends, communicate with friends and strengthen their relationship on the social sites. Users can share their routine and interesting experiences to their families and friends. 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Social Media Is Good or Bad Free Essays

Children can gain social confidence from interacting with other people online, which may help them feel more secure in new situations. Some Children can help people in the social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter. Some knowledge that they do not know, they can ask them. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Is Good or Bad? or any similar topic only for you Order Now While some of the knowledge he/she does not know, he/she can ask his social networking’s friends. Friends should help each other, so that they can build a strong bond in our friendship. What Happened to quality relationships? While social networking sites can aid to online relationships, real life relationships can become weak or even non existent. While your cooped up in your room on your laptop, you are spending less time with real life and legitimate relationships and spending more time on a false friendship with some one online. What ever happened to a good old phone call or meet up? Is this really where my generation is headed? We are in trouble. the brain cannot complete the learning process It is not yet known as to the affects that a combination of hard copy books and reading off the internet will have on young people. But there is evidence for older people that suggests they are finding it more difficult to stay focused and even actually read something more than 3 pages and this evidence is from a previous columnist for the guardian and executive editor of the harvard business review author Nicholas Carr. Furthermore, the information we read on the internet minimizes the amount of thinking our brains have to do this is not a good sign if anything, the analyzing process of the text is more important, this process is there to help us remember information as opposed to just finding the answer. How to cite Social Media Is Good or Bad?, Papers

Short Essay Questions Painting Media and Processes Example For Students

Short Essay Questions: Painting Media and Processes Pencils or graphite materials could be used for artwork tit grey shadings or anything needing some sort of shading or shadowing in the art work. Pens give the artist a material that can be used for stronger lines that wont be damaged by other pieces overlapping it. Water coolers offer a dull color scale and also the ability to mix these colors to get a full range of the color wheel, as well as different size brushes to allow the artist to adjust to the stroke size wanted on the artwork. 2. Analyze the characteristics of different painting media (3 minimum)- the advantages and disadvantages and discuss in examples (100 word min) Oil matting lets the artist create luminous hardwiring colors that blend well with surrounding paints and are slower drying than water colors, but that can also be a disadvantage because it makes it hard to move into the next stage of painting. But Oils and acrylics can contain toxins in some cases. But the acrylics do dry more rapidly, usually within a day or so. With oil paints that do dry a little slower though, it allows them to be blended easier than the acrylics. With water colors you again have a short drying time. Also an easier clean up and mixing pigment. Some say in the U. S. Though that water color paintings do not get as much aspect as oil paintings. 3. Briefly describe each of the following printmaking processes. Relied any work in which the figures project from a supporting background, usually a plane surface. Reliefs are classified according to the height of the figures projection or detachment from the background. Intaglio- family of printing and printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface Lithography- the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing Screenwriting- also known as serigraphs, is a method of creating an image on paper, fabric or some other Object by pressing ink through a screen With areas blocked Off by a stencil. 4. Briefly describe each of the following sculptural methods. Modeling- working of plastic materials by hand to build up form. Clay and wax are the most common modeling materials, and the artists hands are the main tools Casting- a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify Carving- the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away portions of that material. Assembling- bringing together individual pieces, segments, or objects to form a sculpture.